INH is mainly metabolized in the liver through two major pathways to metabolites such as acetyl isoniazid (AcINH), hydrazine (Hz), acetyl hydrazine (AcHz), diacetyl hydrazine (DiAcHz), and isonicotinic acid (INA), primarily mediated by arylamine N-acetyl transferase2 (NAT2) and amidases (Wang et al., 2016
14th July 2026
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR), a key nuclear transcription factor that regulates keratinocyte differentiation and epidermal lipid metabolism, is markedly downregulated in AD (Kuai et al., 2024), leading to impaired barrier integrity and defective lipid synthesis, which further supported by PPAR agonist-induced barrier restoration in ex vivo skin model (Majewski et al., 2021)
Metabolite pathway analysis was performed in the Pathway Analysis module of MetaboAnalyst 4.0 68
Repairing deep-seated mitochondrial damage and reversing systemic oxidative stress is not an overnight process