The fifth edition (2013) maintained the symptomatic categorical approach with some openings in a dimensional sense
Some peptides are administered for a defined treatment course, while others are continued long-term for ongoing wellness optimization
This balance, however, will be disrupted if there is an increase in ROS production or a decrease in cell antioxidant capacity, resulting in oxidative stress ( As the energy factories of cells, mitochondria are the main sites for the generation of ROS, in which the electron transport chain (ETC) is a prime source for ROS ( The antioxidant capacity of various cellular defense systems is based on enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbic acid (vitamins C), uric acid, tocopherol (vitamins E), quinols, carotenoids, and polyphenols
Cell 52:121131
Due to the reaction of reactive substances produced in keratinocytes to the environment and endogenous pro-oxidants, the skin has become the main target of response to oxidative stress
