The retromolar pad and edentulous alveolar ridge can exhibit benign keratosis as the area is susceptible to both masticatory forces, occlusal trauma or ill-fitting dentures or other dental appliances (Fig
[2] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT), Production, Countries by Commodity, Tobacco, Unmanufactured, 2012, August 2013, (accessed March 18, 2014)
This is a biomarker for exposure to tobacco smoke and cotinine has a detection life span of several days
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Even non-smokers who take up vaping have been shown to develop adverse and often chronic respiratory symptoms, including bronchoconstriction and severe cough