Harwood and colleagues [8] posited that psychosocial factors, such as perceived stress mediate the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and smoking
and 114 adults who reported never smoking or vaping and who currently had negative urine tests for nicotine use (average age of 30.8 years, 50% female, 69% reported white race)
Of those participants, 562 individuals reported they had never vaped, 370 had vaped only nicotine, 159 had vaped only THC, and 830 were dual vapers of nicotine and THC
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These adjusted predicted probabilities mirror the regression findings, with the lowest model-estimated prevalence observed among exclusive e-cigarette users and little difference between cigarette-only smokers, dual users, and never users