Since most smokers in our cohort were male, they were also subject to conscription in Korea, where mandatory military service has been shown to promote smoking 38,39
Peptic Ulcers: Smoking raises stomach acid levels and weakens the stomachs natural mucus defense, making it easier for painful ulcers to form in the stomach or upper small intestine
Nicotine, Quinoline (Internal standard), flavors (Eucalyptol, Camphor, Menthol, Methyl Salicylate, Ethyl salicylate, Cinnamaldehyde, Eugenol, Diphenyl ether, and Coumarin) and its internal standard (3, 4-(Methylenedioxy) acetophenoneMDA) were procured from Sigma Aldrich, USA having purity of 99.0%)
Cigars take longer to smoke, increasing toxic-compound exposure, which can increase the risk of heart and lung diseases
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